Whole body segmentation

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are disclosed for performing operations comprising: receiving a monocular image that includes a depiction of a whole body of a user; generating a segmentation of the whole body of the user based on the monocular image; accessing a video feed comprising a plurality of monocular images received prior to the monocular image; smoothing, using the video feed, the segmentation of the whole body generated based on the monocular image to provide a smoothed segmentation; and applying one or more visual effects to the monocular image based on the smoothed segmentation.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/249,239, filed on Feb. 24, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to providing augmented reality experiences using a messaging application.

BACKGROUND

Augmented-Reality (AR) is a modification of a virtual environment. For example, in Virtual Reality (VR), a user is completely immersed in a virtual world, whereas in AR, the user is immersed in a world where virtual objects are combined or superimposed on the real world. An AR system aims to generate and present virtual objects that interact realistically with a real-world environment and with each other. Examples of AR applications can include single or multiple player video games, instant messaging systems, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced. Some nonlimiting examples are illustrated in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a networked environment in which the present disclosure may be deployed, in accordance with some examples.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a messaging client application, in accordance with some examples.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a data structure as maintained in a database, in accordance with some examples.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a message, in accordance with some examples.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example segmentation estimation system, according to example examples.

FIGS. 6-9 are diagrammatic representations of outputs of the segmentation estimation system, in accordance with some examples.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are flowcharts illustrating example operations of the messaging application server, according to examples.

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the form of a computer system within which a set of instructions may be executed for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, in accordance with some examples.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a software architecture within which examples may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative examples of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various examples. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that examples may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail.

Typically, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) systems display modified images representing a given user by capturing an image of the user and, in addition, obtaining a depth map using a depth sensor of the real-world human body depicted in the image. By processing the depth map and the image together, the VR and AR systems can detect positioning of a user in the image and can appropriately modify the user or background in the images. While such systems work well, the need for a depth sensor limits the scope of their applications. This is because adding depth sensors to user devices for the purpose of modifying images increases the overall cost and complexity of the devices, making them less attractive.

Certain systems do away with the need to use depth sensors to modify images. For example, certain systems allow users to replace a background in a videoconference in which a face of the user is detected. Specifically, such systems can use specialized techniques that are optimized for recognizing a face of user to identify the background in the images that depict the user's face. These systems can then replace only those pixels that depict the background so that the real-world background is replaced with an alternate background in the images. Such systems though are incapable of recognizing a whole body of a user. As such, if the user is more than a threshold distance from the camera such that more than just the face of the user is captured by the camera, the replacement of the background with an alternate background begins to fail. In such cases, the image quality is severely impacted and portions of the face and body of the user can be inadvertently removed by the system as the system falsely identifies such portions are belonging to the background rather than the foreground of the images. Also, such systems fail to properly replace the background when more than one user is depicted in the image or video feed.

The disclosed techniques improve the efficiency of using the electronic device by segmenting an image that depicts a whole body of a user or multiple users and applying one or more visual effects to the image. Specifically, the disclosed techniques apply a first machine learning technique to generate a segmentation of a user's body from a single image of the user (e.g., to distinguish pixels corresponding to a body of the user from pixels corresponding to a background of the image). The disclosed techniques then smooth, filter or improve the generated segmentation based on an estimated segmentation of the body depicted in the single image (e.g., a current frame of video) generated by applying a second machine learning technique to previously received video frames of the user.

Specifically, a video depicting a user's body is received. A current frame of the video is processed by a first machine learning technique to segment the user's body in the current frame. A set of previous frames, such as 1-2 seconds of video preceding the current frame, is processed by a second machine learning technique to estimate a segmentation of the body for a subsequent frame, such as the current frame. A comparison is made between the segmentation for the current frame generated by the first machine learning technique and the estimated segmentation predicted by the second machine learning technique based on the previous frames. Any deviation or difference between the two segmentations is then corrected by the second machine learning technique to smooth, improve and filter the segmentation for the current frame generated by the first machine learning technique.

In some examples, the disclosed techniques apply a first machine learning technique to generate a segmentation of a user's body from a single image of the user (e.g., to distinguish pixels corresponding to a body of the user from pixels corresponding to a background of the image). This segmentation is stored and used to make adjustments or corrections to a subsequent segmentation generated by the first machine learning technique based on a subsequent frame or image that is received. Specifically, the disclosed techniques smooth, filter or improve a segmentation generated for a second image (e.g., a subsequent frame) based on a previously generated segmentation of a first image (e.g., a previous frame). In such cases, only the first machine learning technique is used, and the second machine learning technique is not used to smooth or generate segmentations.

In this way, the disclosed techniques can apply one or more visual effects to the user's body that has been segmented in the current image. For example, a real-world background can be replaced with a different image or virtual background to provide an illusion that the user's whole body is in a different environment or background. As another example, a border of the user's body or portions of the user's body themselves can be enhanced or replaced with visual elements (e.g., to dress the user with different clothing or remove a display of one or more portions of the user). This improves the overall experience of the user in using the electronic device. Also, by performing such segmentations without using a depth sensor, the overall amount of system resources needed to accomplish a task is reduced.

Networked Computing Environment

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example messaging system 100 for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network. The messaging system 100 includes multiple instances of a client device 102, each of which hosts a number of applications, including a messaging client 104 and other external applications 109 (e.g., third-party applications). Each messaging client 104 is communicatively coupled to other instances of the messaging client 104 (e.g., hosted on respective other client devices 102), a messaging server system 108 and external app(s) servers 110 via a network 112 (e.g., the Internet). A messaging client 104 can also communicate with locally-hosted third-party applications 109 using Applications Program Interfaces (APIs).

A messaging client 104 is able to communicate and exchange data with other messaging clients 104 and with the messaging server system 108 via the network 112. The data exchanged between messaging clients 104, and between a messaging client 104 and the messaging server system 108, includes functions (e.g., commands to invoke functions) as well as payload data (e.g., text, audio, video or other multimedia data).

The messaging server system 108 provides server-side functionality via the network 112 to a particular messaging client 104. While certain functions of the messaging system 100 are described herein as being performed by either a messaging client 104 or by the messaging server system 108, the location of certain functionality either within the messaging client 104 or the messaging server system 108 may be a design choice. For example, it may be technically preferable to initially deploy certain technology and functionality within the messaging server system 108 but to later migrate this technology and functionality to the messaging client 104 where a client device 102 has sufficient processing capacity.

The messaging server system 108 supports various services and operations that are provided to the messaging client 104. Such operations include transmitting data to, receiving data from, and processing data generated by the messaging client 104. This data may include message content, client device information, geolocation information, media augmentation and overlays, message content persistence conditions, social network information, and live event information, as examples. Data exchanges within the messaging system 100 are invoked and controlled through functions available via user interfaces (UIs) of the messaging client 104.

Turning now specifically to the messaging server system 108, an Application Program Interface (API) server 116 is coupled to, and provides a programmatic interface to, application servers 114. The application servers 114 are communicatively coupled to a database server 120, which facilitates access to a database 126 that stores data associated with messages processed by the application servers 114. Similarly, a web server 128 is coupled to the application servers 114, and provides web-based interfaces to the application servers 114. To this end, the web server 128 processes incoming network requests over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and several other related protocols.

The Application Program Interface (API) server 116 receives and transmits message data (e.g., commands and message payloads) between the client device 102 and the application servers 114. Specifically, the Application Program Interface (API) server 116 provides a set of interfaces (e.g., routines and protocols) that can be called or queried by the messaging client 104 in order to invoke functionality of the application servers 114. The Application Program Interface (API) server 116 exposes various functions supported by the application servers 114, including account registration, login functionality, the sending of messages, via the application servers 114, from a particular messaging client 104 to another messaging client 104, the sending of media files (e.g., images or video) from a messaging client 104 to a messaging server 118, and for possible access by another messaging client 104, the settings of a collection of media data (e.g., story), the retrieval of a list of friends of a user of a client device 102, the retrieval of such collections, the retrieval of messages and content, the addition and deletion of entities (e.g., friends) to an entity graph (e.g., a social graph), the location of friends within a social graph, and opening an application event (e.g., relating to the messaging client 104).

The application servers 114 host a number of server applications and subsystems, including for example a messaging server 118, an image processing server 122, and a social network server 124. The messaging server 118 implements a number of message processing technologies and functions, particularly related to the aggregation and other processing of content (e.g., textual and multimedia content) included in messages received from multiple instances of the messaging client 104. As will be described in further detail, the text and media content from multiple sources may be aggregated into collections of content (e.g., called stories or galleries). These collections are then made available to the messaging client 104. Other processor- and memory-intensive processing of data may also be performed server-side by the messaging server 118, in view of the hardware requirements for such processing.

The application servers 114 also include an image processing server 122 that is dedicated to performing various image processing operations, typically with respect to images or video within the payload of a message sent from or received at the messaging server 118.

Image processing server 122 is used to implement scan functionality of the augmentation system 208. Scan functionality includes activating and providing one or more augmented reality experiences on a client device 102 when an image is captured by the client device 102. Specifically, the messaging client 104 on the client device 102 can be used to activate a camera. The camera displays one or more real-time images or a video to a user along with one or more icons or identifiers of one or more augmented reality experiences. The user can select a given one of the identifiers to launch the corresponding augmented reality experience or perform a desired image modification (e.g., replacing a background or portions of one or more joints of the user's body).

The social network server 124 supports various social networking functions and services and makes these functions and services available to the messaging server 118. To this end, the social network server 124 maintains and accesses an entity graph 308 (as shown in FIG. 3 ) within the database 126. Examples of functions and services supported by the social network server 124 include the identification of other users of the messaging system 100 with which a particular user has relationships or is “following,” and also the identification of other entities and interests of a particular user.

Returning to the messaging client 104, features and functions of an external resource (e.g., a third-party application 109 or applet) are made available to a user via an interface of the messaging client 104. The messaging client 104 receives a user selection of an option to launch or access features of an external resource (e.g., a third-party resource), such as external apps 109. The external resource may be a third-party application (external apps 109) installed on the client device 102 (e.g., a “native app”), or a small-scale version of the third-party application (e.g., an “applet”) that is hosted on the client device 102 or remote of the client device 102 (e.g., on third-party servers 110). The small-scale version of the third-party application includes a subset of features and functions of the third-party application (e.g., the full-scale, native version of the third-party standalone application) and is implemented using a markup-language document. In one example, the small-scale version of the third-party application (e.g., an “applet”) is a web-based, markup-language version of the third-party application and is embedded in the messaging client 104. In addition to using markup-language documents (e.g., a .*ml file), an applet may incorporate a scripting language (e.g., a .*js file or a .json file) and a style sheet (e.g., a .*ss file).

In response to receiving a user selection of the option to launch or access features of the external resource (external app 109), the messaging client 104 determines whether the selected external resource is a web-based external resource or a locally-installed external application. In some cases, external applications 109 that are locally installed on the client device 102 can be launched independently of and separately from the messaging client 104, such as by selecting an icon, corresponding to the external application 109, on a home screen of the client device 102. Small-scale versions of such external applications can be launched or accessed via the messaging client 104 and, in some examples, no or limited portions of the small-scale external application can be accessed outside of the messaging client 104. The small-scale external application can be launched by the messaging client 104 receiving, from a external app(s) server 110, a markup-language document associated with the small-scale external application and processing such a document.

In response to determining that the external resource is a locally-installed external application 109, the messaging client 104 instructs the client device 102 to launch the external application 109 by executing locally-stored code corresponding to the external application 109. In response to determining that the external resource is a web-based resource, the messaging client 104 communicates with the external app(s) servers 110 to obtain a markup-language document corresponding to the selected resource. The messaging client 104 then processes the obtained markup-language document to present the web-based external resource within a user interface of the messaging client 104.

The messaging client 104 can notify a user of the client device 102, or other users related to such a user (e.g., “friends”), of activity taking place in one or more external resources. For example, the messaging client 104 can provide participants in a conversation (e.g., a chat session) in the messaging client 104 with notifications relating to the current or recent use of an external resource by one or more members of a group of users. One or more users can be invited to join in an active external resource or to launch a recently-used but currently inactive (in the group of friends) external resource. The external resource can provide participants in a conversation, each using a respective messaging client messaging clients 104, with the ability to share an item, status, state, or location in an external resource with one or more members of a group of users into a chat session. The shared item may be an interactive chat card with which members of the chat can interact, for example, to launch the corresponding external resource, view specific information within the external resource, or take the member of the chat to a specific location or state within the external resource. Within a given external resource, response messages can be sent to users on the messaging client 104. The external resource can selectively include different media items in the responses, based on a current context of the external resource.

The messaging client 104 can present a list of the available external resources (e.g., third-party or external applications 109 or applets) to a user to launch or access a given external resource. This list can be presented in a context-sensitive menu. For example, the icons representing different ones of the external application 109 (or applets) can vary based on how the menu is launched by the user (e.g., from a conversation interface or from a non-conversation interface).

System Architecture

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating further details regarding the messaging system 100, according to some examples. Specifically, the messaging system 100 is shown to comprise the messaging client 104 and the application servers 114. The messaging system 100 embodies a number of subsystems, which are supported on the client side by the messaging client 104 and on the sever side by the application servers 114. These subsystems include, for example, an ephemeral timer system 202, a collection management system 204, an augmentation system 208, a map system 210, a game system 212, and an external resource system 220.

The ephemeral timer system 202 is responsible for enforcing the temporary or time-limited access to content by the messaging client 104 and the messaging server 118. The ephemeral timer system 202 incorporates a number of timers that, based on duration and display parameters associated with a message, or collection of messages (e.g., a story), selectively enable access (e.g., for presentation and display) to messages and associated content via the messaging client 104. Further details regarding the operation of the ephemeral timer system 202 are provided below.

The collection management system 204 is responsible for managing sets or collections of media (e.g., collections of text, image video, and audio data). A collection of content (e.g., messages, including images, video, text, and audio) may be organized into an “event gallery” or an “event story.” Such a collection may be made available for a specified time period, such as the duration of an event to which the content relates. For example, content relating to a music concert may be made available as a “story” for the duration of that music concert. The collection management system 204 may also be responsible for publishing an icon that provides notification of the existence of a particular collection to the user interface of the messaging client 104.

The collection management system 204 furthermore includes a curation interface 206 that allows a collection manager to manage and curate a particular collection of content. For example, the curation interface 206 enables an event organizer to curate a collection of content relating to a specific event (e.g., delete inappropriate content or redundant messages). Additionally, the collection management system 204 employs machine vision (or image recognition technology) and content rules to automatically curate a content collection. In certain examples, compensation may be paid to a user for the inclusion of user-generated content into a collection. In such cases, the collection management system 204 operates to automatically make payments to such users for the use of their content.

The augmentation system 208 provides various functions that enable a user to augment (e.g., annotate or otherwise modify or edit) media content associated with a message. For example, the augmentation system 208 provides functions related to the generation and publishing of media overlays for messages processed by the messaging system 100. The augmentation system 208 operatively supplies a media overlay or augmentation (e.g., an image filter) to the messaging client 104 based on a geolocation of the client device 102. In another example, the augmentation system 208 operatively supplies a media overlay to the messaging client 104 based on other information, such as social network information of the user of the client device 102. A media overlay may include audio and visual content and visual effects. Examples of audio and visual content include pictures, texts, logos, animations, and sound effects. An example of a visual effect includes color overlaying. The audio and visual content or the visual effects can be applied to a media content item (e.g., a photo) at the client device 102. For example, the media overlay may include text, a graphical element, or image that can be overlaid on top of a photograph taken by the client device 102. In another example, the media overlay includes an identification of a location overlay (e.g., Venice beach), a name of a live event, or a name of a merchant overlay (e.g., Beach Coffee House). In another example, the augmentation system 208 uses the geolocation of the client device 102 to identify a media overlay that includes the name of a merchant at the geolocation of the client device 102. The media overlay may include other indicia associated with the merchant. The media overlays may be stored in the database 126 and accessed through the database server 120.

In some examples, the augmentation system 208 provides a user-based publication platform that enables users to select a geolocation on a map and upload content associated with the selected geolocation. The user may also specify circumstances under which a particular media overlay should be offered to other users. The augmentation system 208 generates a media overlay that includes the uploaded content and associates the uploaded content with the selected geolocation.

In other examples, the augmentation system 208 provides a merchant-based publication platform that enables merchants to select a particular media overlay associated with a geolocation via a bidding process. For example, the augmentation system 208 associates the media overlay of the highest bidding merchant with a corresponding geolocation for a predefined amount of time. The augmentation system 208 communicates with the image processing server 122 to obtain augmented reality experiences and presents identifiers of such experiences in one or more user interfaces (e.g., as icons over a real-time image or video or as thumbnails or icons in interfaces dedicated for presented identifiers of augmented reality experiences). Once an augmented reality experience is selected, one or more images, videos, or augmented reality graphical elements are retrieved and presented as an overlay on top of the images or video captured by the client device 102. In some cases, the camera is switched to a front-facing view (e.g., the front-facing camera of the client device 102 is activated in response to activation of a particular augmented reality experience) and the images from the front-facing camera of the client device 102 start being displayed on the client device 102 instead of the rear-facing camera of the client device 102. The one or more images, videos, or augmented reality graphical elements are retrieved and presented as an overlay on top of the images that are captured and displayed by the front-facing camera of the client device 102.

In other examples, the augmentation system 208 is able to communicate and exchange data with another augmentation system 208 on another client device 102 and with the server via the network 106. The data exchanged can include a session identifier that identifies the shared AR session, a transformation between a first client device 102 and a second client device 102 (e.g., a plurality of client devices 102 include the first and second devices) that is used to align the shared AR session to a common point of origin, a common coordinate frame, functions (e.g., commands to invoke functions) as well as other payload data (e.g., text, audio, video or other multimedia data).

The augmentation system 208 sends the transformation to the second client device 102 so that the second client device 102 can adjust the AR coordinate system based on the transformation. In this way, the first and second client devices 102 synch up their coordinate systems and frames for displaying content in the AR session. Specifically, the augmentation system 208 computes the point of origin of the second client device 102 in the coordinate system of the first client device 102. The augmentation system 208 can then determine an offset in the coordinate system of the second client device 102 based on the position of the point of origin from the perspective of the second client device 102 in the coordinate system of the second client device 102. This offset is used to generate the transformation so that the second client device 102 generates AR content in according to a common coordinate system or frame as the first client device 102.

The augmentation system 208 that can communicate with the client device 102 to establish individual or shared AR sessions. The augmentation system 208 can also be coupled to the messaging server 118 to establish an electronic group communication session (e.g., group chat, instant messaging) for the client devices 102 in a shared AR session. The electronic group communication session can be associated with a session identifier provided by the client devices 102 to gain access to the electronic group communication session and to the shared AR session. In one example, the client devices 102 first gain access to the electronic group communication session and then obtain the session identifier in the electronic group communication session that allows the client devices 102 to access to the shared AR session. In some examples, the client devices 102 are able to access the shared AR session without aid or communication with the augmentation system 208 in the application servers 114.

The map system 210 provides various geographic location functions, and supports the presentation of map-based media content and messages by the messaging client 104. For example, the map system 210 enables the display of user icons or avatars (e.g., stored in profile data 316) on a map to indicate a current or past location of “friends” of a user, as well as media content (e.g., collections of messages including photographs and videos) generated by such friends, within the context of a map. For example, a message posted by a user to the messaging system 100 from a specific geographic location may be displayed within the context of a map at that particular location to “friends” of a specific user on a map interface of the messaging client 104. A user can furthermore share his or her location and status information (e.g., using an appropriate status avatar) with other users of the messaging system 100 via the messaging client 104, with this location and status information being similarly displayed within the context of a map interface of the messaging client 104 to selected users.

The game system 212 provides various gaming functions within the context of the messaging client 104. The messaging client 104 provides a game interface providing a list of available games (e.g., web-based games or web-based applications) that can be launched by a user within the context of the messaging client 104, and played with other users of the messaging system 100. The messaging system 100 further enables a particular user to invite other users to participate in the play of a specific game, by issuing invitations to such other users from the messaging client 104. The messaging client 104 also supports both voice and text messaging (e.g., chats) within the context of gameplay, provides a leaderboard for the games, and also supports the provision of in-game rewards (e.g., coins and items).

The external resource system 220 provides an interface for the messaging client 104 to communicate with external app(s) servers 110 to launch or access external resources. Each external resource (apps) server 110 hosts, for example, a markup language (e.g., HTML5) based application or small-scale version of an external application (e.g., game, utility, payment, or ride-sharing application that is external to the messaging client 104). The messaging client 104 may launch a web-based resource (e.g., application) by accessing the HTML5 file from the external resource (apps) servers 110 associated with the web-based resource. In certain examples, applications hosted by external resource servers 110 are programmed in JavaScript leveraging a Software Development Kit (SDK) provided by the messaging server 118. The SDK includes Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) with functions that can be called or invoked by the web-based application. In certain examples, the messaging server 118 includes a JavaScript library that provides a given third-party resource access to certain user data of the messaging client 104. HTML5 is used as an example technology for programming games, but applications and resources programmed based on other technologies can be used.

In order to integrate the functions of the SDK into the web-based resource, the SDK is downloaded by an external resource (apps) server 110 from the messaging server 118 or is otherwise received by the external resource (apps) server 110. Once downloaded or received, the SDK is included as part of the application code of a web-based external resource. The code of the web-based resource can then call or invoke certain functions of the SDK to integrate features of the messaging client 104 into the web-based resource.

The SDK stored on the messaging server 118 effectively provides the bridge between an external resource (e.g., third-party or external applications 109 or applets and the messaging client 104). This provides the user with a seamless experience of communicating with other users on the messaging client 104, while also preserving the look and feel of the messaging client 104. To bridge communications between an external resource and a messaging client 104, in certain examples, the SDK facilitates communication between external resource servers 110 and the messaging client 104. In certain examples, a WebViewJavaScriptBridge running on a client device 102 establishes two one-way communication channels between a external resource and the messaging client 104. Messages are sent between the external resource and the messaging client 104 via these communication channels asynchronously. Each SDK function invocation is sent as a message and callback. Each SDK function is implemented by constructing a unique callback identifier and sending a message with that callback identifier.

By using the SDK, not all information from the messaging client 104 is shared with external resource servers 110. The SDK limits which information is shared based on the needs of the external resource. In certain examples, each external resource server 110 provides an HTML5 file corresponding to the web-based external resource to the messaging server 118. The messaging server 118 can add a visual representation (such as a box art or other graphic) of the web-based external resource in the messaging client 104. Once the user selects the visual representation or instructs the messaging client 104 through a GUI of the messaging client 104 to access features of the web-based external resource, the messaging client 104 obtains the HTML5 file and instantiates the resources necessary to access the features of the web-based external resource.

The messaging client 104 presents a graphical user interface (e.g., a landing page or title screen) for an external resource. During, before, or after presenting the landing page or title screen, the messaging client 104 determines whether the launched external resource has been previously authorized to access user data of the messaging client 104. In response to determining that the launched external resource has been previously authorized to access user data of the messaging client 104, the messaging client 104 presents another graphical user interface of the external resource that includes functions and features of the external resource. In response to determining that the launched external resource has not been previously authorized to access user data of the messaging client 104, after a threshold period of time (e.g., 3 seconds) of displaying the landing page or title screen of the external resource, the messaging client 104 slides up (e.g., animates a menu as surfacing from a bottom of the screen to a middle of or other portion of the screen) a menu for authorizing the external resource to access the user data. The menu identifies the type of user data that the external resource will be authorized to use. In response to receiving a user selection of an accept option, the messaging client 104 adds the external resource to a list of authorized external resources and allows the external resource to access user data from the messaging client 104. In some examples, the external resource is authorized by the messaging client 104 to access the user data in accordance with an OAuth 2 framework.

The messaging client 104 controls the type of user data that is shared with external resources based on the type of external resource being authorized. For example, external resources that include full-scale external applications (e.g., a third-party or external application 109) are provided with access to a first type of user data (e.g., only two-dimensional avatars of users with or without different avatar characteristics). As another example, external resources that include small-scale versions of external applications (e.g., web-based versions of third-party applications) are provided with access to a second type of user data (e.g., payment information, two-dimensional avatars of users, three-dimensional avatars of users, and avatars with various avatar characteristics). Avatar characteristics include different ways to customize a look and feel of an avatar, such as different poses, facial features, clothing, and so forth.

The segmentation estimation system 224 segments a user's whole body depicted in an image or multiple bodies of multiple users depicted in an image. As referred to herein, a “whole body” of the user includes a predetermined combination of one or more skeletal body parts or joints of the user (e.g., a combination of a head joint, shoulder joints, and arm joints; a combination of shoulder joints and a hip joint; or a combination of a head joint, shoulder joints, hip joints, and leg joints). The segmentation estimation system 224 can perform object recognition on the captured video feed to detect presence of one or more skeletal joints of a user. In response to determining that the detected skeletal joints match a predetermined combination, the segmentation estimation system 224 determines that the whole body of the user is depicted in the video feed. An illustrative implementation of the segmentation estimation system 224 is shown and described in connection with FIG. 5 below.

Specifically, the segmentation estimation system 224 is a component that can be accessed by an AR/VR application implemented on the client device 102. The AR/VR application uses an RGB camera to capture a monocular image of a user's real-world body. The AR/VR application applies various trained machine learning techniques on the captured image of the body and one or more previous frames depicting the body to segment the body of the user in the image and to apply one or more visual effects to the captured image. In some implementations, the AR/VR application continuously captures images of the user's body in real time or periodically to continuously or periodically update the applied one or more visual effects. This allows the user to move around in the real world and see the one or more visual effects update in real time.

In order for AR/VR application to apply the one or more visual effects directly from a captured RGB image, the AR/VR application obtains a first trained machine learning technique from the segmentation estimation system 224. The first trained machine learning technique processes the captured RGB image to generate a segmentation from the captured image that correspond to the body depicted in the captured RGB image. The AR/VR application also obtains a second trained machine learning technique from the segmentation estimation system 224. The second trained machine learning technique processes one or more previously captured frames (e.g., 1-2 seconds of video frames that immediately precede the RGB image) to estimate or predict a segmentation for a subsequent frame. A threshold number of seconds of video frames (which may be user defined, previously specified, and/or dynamically determined) may continuously or periodically be stored in a buffer, such that the threshold number of seconds worth of video frames that precedes a current RGB image can be accessed by the second trained machine learning technique. The output or prediction of the segmentation of the second trained machine learning technique is used to smooth, filter or improve the segmentation generated by the first trained machine learning technique.

In training, the segmentation estimation system 224 obtains a first plurality of input training images that include different real-world bodies of users. These training images also provide the ground truth information about the segmentations of the bodies depicted in each image. A first machine learning technique (e.g., a deep neural network) is trained based on features of the plurality of training images. Specifically, the first machine learning technique extracts one or more features from a given training image and estimates a segmentation of the body. The first machine learning technique obtains the ground truth information corresponding to the training image and adjusts or updates one or more coefficients to improve subsequent estimations of segmentations.

In training, the segmentation estimation system 224 obtains a first plurality of input training videos (each having a number of frames corresponding to a threshold video duration, such as 1-2 seconds) that include different real-world bodies. These training videos also provide the ground truth information with segmentations of bodies for a subsequent frame relative to each video. Namely, a first training video may be associated with ground truth information identifying the segmentation of a body depicted in a frame immediately subsequent to a given frame in the first training video. A second machine learning technique (e.g., a neural network) is trained based on features of the plurality of training videos. Specifically, the second machine learning technique extracts one or more features from a given training video and estimates or predicts segmentations of the body in a subsequent frame relative to a previous frame of the training video. The second machine learning technique obtains the ground truth information corresponding to the training video and adjusts or updates one or more coefficients to improve subsequent estimations of segmentations of bodies depicted in a subsequent video.

Data Architecture

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating data structures 300, which may be stored in the database 126 of the messaging server system 108, according to certain examples. While the content of the database 126 is shown to comprise a number of tables, it will be appreciated that the data could be stored in other types of data structures (e.g., as an object-oriented database).

The database 126 includes message data stored within a message table 302. This message data includes, for any particular one message, at least message sender data, message recipient (or receiver) data, and a payload. Further details regarding information that may be included in a message, and included within the message data stored in the message table 302, is described below with reference to FIG. 4 .

An entity table 306 stores entity data, and is linked (e.g., referentially) to an entity graph 308 and profile data 316. Entities for which records are maintained within the entity table 306 may include individuals, corporate entities, organizations, objects, places, events, and so forth. Regardless of entity type, any entity regarding which the messaging server system 108 stores data may be a recognized entity. Each entity is provided with a unique identifier, as well as an entity type identifier (not shown).

The entity graph 308 stores information regarding relationships and associations between entities. Such relationships may be social, professional (e.g., work at a common corporation or organization) interested-based or activity-based, merely for example.

The profile data 316 stores multiple types of profile data about a particular entity. The profile data 316 may be selectively used and presented to other users of the messaging system 100, based on privacy settings specified by a particular entity. Where the entity is an individual, the profile data 316 includes, for example, a user name, telephone number, address, settings (e.g., notification and privacy settings), as well as a user-selected avatar representation (or collection of such avatar representations). A particular user may then selectively include one or more of these avatar representations within the content of messages communicated via the messaging system 100, and on map interfaces displayed by messaging clients 104 to other users. The collection of avatar representations may include “status avatars,” which present a graphical representation of a status or activity that the user may select to communicate at a particular time.

Where the entity is a group, the profile data 316 for the group may similarly include one or more avatar representations associated with the group, in addition to the group name, members, and various settings (e.g., notifications) for the relevant group.

The database 126 also stores augmentation data, such as overlays or filters, in an augmentation table 310. The augmentation data is associated with and applied to videos (for which data is stored in a video table 304) and images (for which data is stored in an image table 312).

The database 126 can also store data pertaining to individual and shared AR sessions. This data can include data communicated between an AR session client controller of a first client device 102 and another AR session client controller of a second client device 102, and data communicated between the AR session client controller and the augmentation system 208. Data can include data used to establish the common coordinate frame of the shared AR scene, the transformation between the devices, the session identifier, images depicting a body, skeletal joint positions, wrist joint positions, feet, and so forth.

Filters, in one example, are overlays that are displayed as overlaid on an image or video during presentation to a recipient user. Filters may be of various types, including user-selected filters from a set of filters presented to a sending user by the messaging client 104 when the sending user is composing a message. Other types of filters include geolocation filters (also known as geo-filters), which may be presented to a sending user based on geographic location. For example, geolocation filters specific to a neighborhood or special location may be presented within a user interface by the messaging client 104, based on geolocation information determined by a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit of the client device 102.

Another type of filter is a data filter, which may be selectively presented to a sending user by the messaging client 104, based on other inputs or information gathered by the client device 102 during the message creation process. Examples of data filters include current temperature at a specific location, a current speed at which a sending user is traveling, battery life for a client device 102, or the current time.

Other augmentation data that may be stored within the image table 312 includes augmented reality content items (e.g., corresponding to applying augmented reality experiences). An augmented reality content item or augmented reality item may be a real-time special effect and sound that may be added to an image or a video.

As described above, augmentation data includes augmented reality content items, overlays, image transformations, AR images, and similar terms that refer to modifications that may be applied to image data (e.g., videos or images). This includes real-time modifications, which modify an image as it is captured using device sensors (e.g., one or multiple cameras) of a client device 102 and then displayed on a screen of the client device 102 with the modifications. This also includes modifications to stored content, such as video clips in a gallery that may be modified. For example, in a client device 102 with access to multiple augmented reality content items, a user can use a single video clip with multiple augmented reality content items to see how the different augmented reality content items will modify the stored clip. For example, multiple augmented reality content items that apply different pseudorandom movement models can be applied to the same content by selecting different augmented reality content items for the content. Similarly, real-time video capture may be used with an illustrated modification to show how video images currently being captured by sensors of a client device 102 would modify the captured data. Such data may simply be displayed on the screen and not stored in memory, or the content captured by the device sensors may be recorded and stored in memory with or without the modifications (or both). In some systems, a preview feature can show how different augmented reality content items will look within different windows in a display at the same time. This can, for example, enable multiple windows with different pseudorandom animations to be viewed on a display at the same time.

Data and various systems using augmented reality content items or other such transform systems to modify content using this data can thus involve detection of objects (e.g., faces, hands, bodies, cats, dogs, surfaces, objects, etc.), tracking of such objects as they leave, enter, and move around the field of view in video frames, and the modification or transformation of such objects as they are tracked. In various examples, different methods for achieving such transformations may be used. Some examples may involve generating a three-dimensional mesh model of the object or objects, and using transformations and animated textures of the model within the video to achieve the transformation. In other examples, tracking of points on an object may be used to place an image or texture (which may be two dimensional or three dimensional) at the tracked position. In still further examples, neural network analysis of video frames may be used to place images, models, or textures in content (e.g., images or frames of video). Augmented reality content items thus refer both to the images, models, and textures used to create transformations in content, as well as to additional modeling and analysis information needed to achieve such transformations with object detection, tracking, and placement.

Real-time video processing can be performed with any kind of video data (e.g., video streams, video files, etc.) saved in a memory of a computerized system of any kind. For example, a user can load video files and save them in a memory of a device, or can generate a video stream using sensors of the device. Additionally, any objects can be processed using a computer animation model, such as a human's face and parts of a human body, animals, or non-living things such as chairs, cars, or other objects.

In some examples, when a particular modification is selected along with content to be transformed, elements to be transformed are identified by the computing device, and then detected and tracked if they are present in the frames of the video. The elements of the object are modified according to the request for modification, thus transforming the frames of the video stream. Transformation of frames of a video stream can be performed by different methods for different kinds of transformation. For example, for transformations of frames mostly referring to changing forms of object's elements, characteristic points for each element of an object are calculated (e.g., using an Active Shape Model (ASM) or other known methods). Then, a mesh based on the characteristic points is generated for each of the at least one element of the object. This mesh is used in the following stage of tracking the elements of the object in the video stream. In the process of tracking, the mentioned mesh for each element is aligned with a position of each element. Then, additional points are generated on the mesh. A first set of first points is generated for each element based on a request for modification, and a set of second points is generated for each element based on the set of first points and the request for modification. Then, the frames of the video stream can be transformed by modifying the elements of the object on the basis of the sets of first and second points and the mesh. In such method, a background of the modified object can be changed or distorted as well by tracking and modifying the background.

In some examples, transformations changing some areas of an object using its elements can be performed by calculating characteristic points for each element of an object and generating a mesh based on the calculated characteristic points. Points are generated on the mesh, and then various areas based on the points are generated. The elements of the object are then tracked by aligning the area for each element with a position for each of the at least one element, and properties of the areas can be modified based on the request for modification, thus transforming the frames of the video stream. Depending on the specific request for modification, properties of the mentioned areas can be transformed in different ways. Such modifications may involve changing color of areas; removing at least some part of areas from the frames of the video stream; including one or more new objects into areas which are based on a request for modification; and modifying or distorting the elements of an area or object. In various examples, any combination of such modifications or other similar modifications may be used. For certain models to be animated, some characteristic points can be selected as control points to be used in determining the entire state-space of options for the model animation.

In some examples of a computer animation model to transform image data using face detection, the face is detected on an image with use of a specific face detection algorithm (e.g., Viola-Jones). Then, an Active Shape Model (ASM) algorithm is applied to the face region of an image to detect facial feature reference points.

Other methods and algorithms suitable for face detection can be used. For example, in some examples, features are located using a landmark, which represents a distinguishable point present in most of the images under consideration. For facial landmarks, for example, the location of the left eye pupil may be used. If an initial landmark is not identifiable (e.g., if a person has an eyepatch), secondary landmarks may be used. Such landmark identification procedures may be used for any such objects. In some examples, a set of landmarks forms a shape. Shapes can be represented as vectors using the coordinates of the points in the shape. One shape is aligned to another with a similarity transform (allowing translation, scaling, and rotation) that minimizes the average Euclidean distance between shape points. The mean shape is the mean of the aligned training shapes.

In some examples, a search for landmarks from the mean shape aligned to the position and size of the face determined by a global face detector is started. Such a search then repeats the steps of suggesting a tentative shape by adjusting the locations of shape points by template matching of the image texture around each point and then conforming the tentative shape to a global shape model until convergence occurs. In some systems, individual template matches are unreliable, and the shape model pools the results of the weak template matches to form a stronger overall classifier. The entire search is repeated at each level in an image pyramid, from coarse to fine resolution.

A transformation system can capture an image or video stream on a client device (e.g., the client device 102) and perform complex image manipulations locally on the client device 102 while maintaining a suitable user experience, computation time, and power consumption. The complex image manipulations may include size and shape changes, emotion transfers (e.g., changing a face from a frown to a smile), state transfers (e.g., aging a subject, reducing apparent age, changing gender), style transfers, graphical element application, and any other suitable image or video manipulation implemented by a convolutional neural network that has been configured to execute efficiently on the client device 102.

In some examples, a computer animation model to transform image data can be used by a system where a user may capture an image or video stream of the user (e.g., a selfie) using a client device 102 having a neural network operating as part of a messaging client 104 operating on the client device 102. The transformation system operating within the messaging client 104 determines the presence of a face within the image or video stream and provides modification icons associated with a computer animation model to transform image data, or the computer animation model can be present as associated with an interface described herein. The modification icons include changes that may be the basis for modifying the user's face within the image or video stream as part of the modification operation. Once a modification icon is selected, the transformation system initiates a process to convert the image of the user to reflect the selected modification icon (e.g., generate a smiling face on the user). A modified image or video stream may be presented in a graphical user interface displayed on the client device 102 as soon as the image or video stream is captured, and a specified modification is selected. The transformation system may implement a complex convolutional neural network on a portion of the image or video stream to generate and apply the selected modification. That is, the user may capture the image or video stream and be presented with a modified result in real-time or near real-time once a modification icon has been selected. Further, the modification may be persistent while the video stream is being captured, and the selected modification icon remains toggled. Machine-taught neural networks may be used to enable such modifications.

The graphical user interface, presenting the modification performed by the transformation system, may supply the user with additional interaction options. Such options may be based on the interface used to initiate the content capture and selection of a particular computer animation model (e.g., initiation from a content creator user interface). In various examples, a modification may be persistent after an initial selection of a modification icon. The user may toggle the modification on or off by tapping or otherwise selecting the face being modified by the transformation system and store it for later viewing or browse to other areas of the imaging application. Where multiple faces are modified by the transformation system, the user may toggle the modification on or off globally by tapping or selecting a single face modified and displayed within a graphical user interface. In some examples, individual faces, among a group of multiple faces, may be individually modified, or such modifications may be individually toggled by tapping or selecting the individual face or a series of individual faces displayed within the graphical user interface.

A story table 314 stores data regarding collections of messages and associated image, video, or audio data, which are compiled into a collection (e.g., a story or a gallery). The creation of a particular collection may be initiated by a particular user (e.g., each user for which a record is maintained in the entity table 306). A user may create a “personal story” in the form of a collection of content that has been created and sent/broadcast by that user. To this end, the user interface of the messaging client 104 may include an icon that is user-selectable to enable a sending user to add specific content to his or her personal story.

A collection may also constitute a “live story,” which is a collection of content from multiple users that is created manually, automatically, or using a combination of manual and automatic techniques. For example, a “live story” may constitute a curated stream of user-submitted content from various locations and events. Users whose client devices have location services enabled and are at a common location event at a particular time may, for example, be presented with an option, via a user interface of the messaging client 104, to contribute content to a particular live story. The live story may be identified to the user by the messaging client 104, based on his or her location. The end result is a “live story” told from a community perspective.

A further type of content collection is known as a “location story,” which enables a user whose client device 102 is located within a specific geographic location (e.g., on a college or university campus) to contribute to a particular collection. In some examples, a contribution to a location story may require a second degree of authentication to verify that the end user belongs to a specific organization or other entity (e.g., is a student on the university campus).

As mentioned above, the video table 304 stores video data that, in one example, is associated with messages for which records are maintained within the message table 302. Similarly, the image table 312 stores image data associated with messages for which message data is stored in the entity table 306. The entity table 306 may associate various augmentations from the augmentation table 310 with various images and videos stored in the image table 312 and the video table 304.

Trained machine learning technique(s) 307 stores parameters that have been trained during training of the segmentation estimation system 224. For example, trained machine learning techniques 207 stores the trained parameters of one or more neural network machine learning techniques.

Segmentation training images 309 stores a plurality of images of depictions of real-world bodies of users. The plurality of images stored in the segmentation training images 309 includes various depictions of a real-world body poses together with segmentations of the bodies that indicate which pixels in the images correspond to the bodies and which pixels correspond to a background in the images. These segmentation training images 309 are used by the segmentation estimation system 224 to train the first machine learning technique used to generate a segmentation of one or more bodies depicted in a received RGB monocular image. In some cases, the segmentation training images 309 include ground truth skeletal key points of one or more bodies depicted in the respective training monocular images. In some cases, the segmentation training images 309 include a plurality of image resolutions of bodies depicted in the images. The segmentation training images 309 can include labeled and unlabeled image and video data. The segmentation training images 309 can include a depiction of a whole body of a particular user, an image that lacks a depiction of any user (e.g., a negative image), a depiction of a plurality of users and whole bodies of the users, and depictions of users at different distances from an image capture device.

Segmentation training images 309 stores a plurality of videos (1-2 second video segments) of depictions of real-world bodies of users. The plurality of videos stored in the segmentation training images 309 includes various depictions of real-world bodies. The plurality of videos also include ground truth information identifying the segmentations of the bodies depicted in a subsequent frame relative to a current or previous frame in each of the plurality of videos. These segmentation training images 309 are used by the body pose estimation system 224 to train the second machine learning technique used to predicts segmentations for a subsequent frame from a received RGB monocular video of a user's body.

Data Communications Architecture

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a message 400, according to some examples, generated by a messaging client 104 for communication to a further messaging client 104 or the messaging server 118. The content of a particular message 400 is used to populate the message table 302 stored within the database 126, accessible by the messaging server 118. Similarly, the content of a message 400 is stored in memory as “in-transit” or “in-flight” data of the client device 102 or the application servers 114. A message 400 is shown to include the following example components:

-   -   message identifier 402: a unique identifier that identifies the         message 400.     -   message text payload 404: text, to be generated by a user via a         user interface of the client device 102, and that is included in         the message 400.     -   message image payload 406: image data, captured by a camera         component of a client device 102 or retrieved from a memory         component of a client device 102, and that is included in the         message 400. Image data for a sent or received message 400 may         be stored in the image table 312.     -   message video payload 408: video data, captured by a camera         component or retrieved from a memory component of the client         device 102, and that is included in the message 400. Video data         for a sent or received message 400 may be stored in the video         table 304.     -   message audio payload 410: audio data, captured by a microphone         or retrieved from a memory component of the client device 102,         and that is included in the message 400.     -   message augmentation data 412: augmentation data (e.g., filters,         stickers, or other annotations or enhancements) that represents         augmentations to be applied to message image payload 406,         message video payload 408, or message audio payload 410 of the         message 400. Augmentation data for a sent or received message         400 may be stored in the augmentation table 310.     -   message duration parameter 414: parameter value indicating, in         seconds, the amount of time for which content of the message         (e.g., the message image payload 406, message video payload 408,         message audio payload 410) is to be presented or made accessible         to a user via the messaging client 104.     -   message geolocation parameter 416: geolocation data (e.g.,         latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates) associated with the         content payload of the message. Multiple message geolocation         parameter 416 values may be included in the payload, each of         these parameter values being associated with respect to content         items included in the content (e.g., a specific image within the         message image payload 406, or a specific video in the message         video payload 408).     -   message story identifier 418: identifier values identifying one         or more content collections (e.g., “stories” identified in the         story table 314) with which a particular content item in the         message image payload 406 of the message 400 is associated. For         example, multiple images within the message image payload 406         may each be associated with multiple content collections using         identifier values.     -   message tag 420: each message 400 may be tagged with multiple         tags, each of which is indicative of the subject matter of         content included in the message payload. For example, where a         particular image included in the message image payload 406         depicts an animal (e.g., a lion), a tag value may be included         within the message tag 420 that is indicative of the relevant         animal. Tag values may be generated manually, based on user         input, or may be automatically generated using, for example,         image recognition.     -   message sender identifier 422: an identifier (e.g., a messaging         system identifier, email address, or device identifier)         indicative of a user of the client device 102 on which the         message 400 was generated and from which the message 400 was         sent.     -   message receiver identifier 424: an identifier (e.g., a         messaging system identifier, email address, or device         identifier) indicative of a user of the client device 102 to         which the message 400 is addressed.

The contents (e.g., values) of the various components of message 400 may be pointers to locations in tables within which content data values are stored. For example, an image value in the message image payload 406 may be a pointer to (or address of) a location within an image table 312. Similarly, values within the message video payload 408 may point to data stored within a video table 304, values stored within the message augmentation data 412 may point to data stored in an augmentation table 310, values stored within the message story identifier 418 may point to data stored in a story table 314, and values stored within the message sender identifier 422 and the message receiver identifier 424 may point to user records stored within an entity table 306.

Segmentation Estimation System

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example segmentation estimation system 224, according to example examples. Segmentation estimation system 224 includes a set of components 510 that operate on a set of input data (e.g., a monocular image 501 depicting a real body of a user, segmentation training image data 502, monocular video 503 depicting a body of a user, and segmentation training video data 504). The set of input data is obtained from segmentation training images 309 stored in database(s) (FIG. 3 ) during the training phases and is obtained from an RGB camera of a client device 102 when an AR/VR application is being used, such as by a messaging client 104. Segmentation estimation system 224 includes a first machine learning technique module 512, a segmentation module 514, a second machine learning technique module 517, a smoothed segmentation module 516, an image modification module 518, a visual effect selection module 519 and an image display module 520.

During training, the segmentation estimation system 224 receives a given training image (e.g., monocular image 501 depicting a real-world body, such as an image of a user's whole body including a face, arms, torso, hips and legs or depicting multiple real-world bodies of multiple users simultaneously) from segmentation training image data 502. The segmentation estimation system 224 applies one or more machine learning techniques using the first machine learning technique module 512 on the given training image. The first machine learning technique module 512 extracts one or more features from the given training image to estimate a segmentation of the body or bodies of the user(s) depicted in the image. For example, the first machine learning technique module 512 obtains the given training image depicting a user's face, arms, torso, hips and legs. The first machine learning technique module 512 extracts features from the image that correspond to the user's face and arms to identify one or more skeletal joints and segments or specifies which pixels in the image correspond to the user's body and which pixels correspond to a background (or do not correspond to the user's body).

The first machine learning technique module 512 retrieves segmentation information associated with the given training image. The first machine learning technique module 512 compares the estimated segmentation (that can include an identification of multiple bodies in the image in case there exist multiple users in the image) with the ground truth segmentation provided as part of the segmentation training image data 502. Based on a difference threshold of the comparison, the first machine learning technique module 512 updates one or more coefficients and obtains one or more additional segmentation training images. After a specified number of epochs or batches of training images have been processed and/or when the difference threshold reaches a specified value, the first machine learning technique module 512 completes training and the parameters and coefficients of the first machine learning technique module 512 are stored in the trained machine learning technique(s) 307.

In some examples, the first machine learning technique module 512 implements multiple segmentation models of the first machine learning technique. Each segmentation model of the first machine learning technique may be trained on a different set of training images associated with a specific resolution. Namely, one of the segmentation models can be trained to estimate a segmentation for images having a first resolution (or a first range of resolutions). A second of the segmentation models can be trained to estimate a segmentation for images having a second resolution (or a second range of resolutions different from the first range of resolutions). In this way, different complexities of the first machine learning technique can be trained and stored. When a given device having certain capabilities uses the AR/VR application, a corresponding one of the various segmentation models can be provided to perform the segmentation that matches the capabilities of the given device. In some cases, multiple segmentation models of each of the machine leaning techniques implemented by the segmentation estimation system 224 can be provided each configured to operate with a different level of complexity. The appropriate segmentation model(s) with the appropriate level of complexity can then be provided to a client device 102 for segmenting one or more images.

During training, segmentation estimation system 224 receives a given training video (e.g., monocular video 503 depicting a real-world body or multiple bodies of multiple users depicted simultaneously in a video, such as an image of a user's face, arms, torso, hips and legs) from segmentation training image data 502. The segmentation estimation system 224 applies one or more machine learning techniques using the second machine learning technique module 517 on the given training video. The second machine learning technique module 517 extracts one or more features from the given training video to predict a segmentation (of the one or more users) for a frame subsequent to the current or previous frame of the video. For example, the second machine learning technique module 517 obtains the given training video depicting movement of a user's face, arms, torso, hips and legs across a set of frames in 1-2 seconds of video. The second machine learning technique module 517 extracts features from the video that correspond to the user's face and arms to predict a segmentation of the user or multiple users in a frame that is subsequent to a current or previous frame of the video.

The second machine learning technique module 517 predicts the segmentation for one or more subsequent frames that follow the given training video frame. For example, the second machine learning technique module 517 may process frames 2-25 of a given video to predict a segmentation of a body or bodies depicted in frame 26 of the same video. The second machine learning technique module 517 compares the determined/predicted segmentation with the ground truth segmentation provided as part of the segmentation training image data 502. The ground truth segmentation may provide the ground truth segmentation for the frame 26 for movement of a body depicted in frames 2-25. Based on a difference threshold of the comparison, the second machine learning technique module 517 updates one or more coefficients and obtains one or more additional segmentation training videos. After a specified number of epochs or batches of training videos have been processed and/or when the difference threshold reaches a specified value, the second machine learning technique module 517 completes training and the parameters and coefficients of the second machine learning technique module 517 are stored in the trained machine learning technique(s) 307.

Specifically, the second machine learning technique module 517 processes a sequence of video frames that immediately precede the current frame by 1-2 seconds. The second machine learning technique module 517 analyzes movement of the segmentation across the sequence of the video frames to predict estimated a segmentation in the current frame or for a frame that is subsequent to the current frame.

After training, segmentation estimation system 224 receives an input image 501 (e.g., monocular image depicting a real-world body or multiple bodies, such as an image of a user's face, arms, torso, hips and legs) as a single RGB image from a client device 102. The segmentation estimation system 224 applies the first trained machine learning technique module 512 to the received input image 501 to extract one or more features representing the segmentation of the body or bodies depicted in the image 501. The segmentation estimation system 224 applies the second trained machine learning technique module 517 to the received monocular video 503 to extract one or more features of the body or bodies depicted in the video 503 and to generate a prediction or estimation of the segmentation in a subsequent frame.

The smoothed segmentation module 516 compares the estimated segmentation for the current frame generated by the first machine learning technique module 512 with the predicted segmentation generated by the second machine learning technique module 517. The smoothed segmentation module 516 adjusts, smooths or filters any differences in the segmentation to generate a smoothed segmentation for the current frame. In some cases, the smoothed segmentation module 516 generates a segmentation border based on the smoothed segmentation. The segmentation border indicates a set of pixels that are positioned at a border or the edges of the segmentation. Namely, the segmentation border pixels correspond to pixels between a background and the body of the user depicted in the image. In some cases, the segmentation border pixels have a specified width (e.g., 3-4 pixels) in which case, the segmentation border represents edges of the segmentation of the specified width. In some cases, the smoothed segmentation module 516 applies a guided filter to the smoothed segmentation to improve segmentation quality of portions of the smoothed segmentations that are within a specified number of pixels of edges of the smoothed segmentation.

The number of previous video frames or duration of the previously received video segments analyzed by the second machine learning technique module 517 may be set by a user, predetermined, or dynamically adjusted. In some cases, the number of previous video frames that are analyzed may be increased (e.g., from 1 second of video to 2 seconds of video) if the amount of filtering or correction of the segmentation determined by the first machine learning technique module 512 exceeds a specified threshold. In some cases, the number of previous video frames that are analyzed may be increased (e.g., from 1 second of video to 2 seconds of video) based on a distance between a user and a camera exceeding a specified threshold.

Visual effect selection module 519 receives from a client device 102 a selection of a virtualization mode. For example, a user of the AR/VR application may be presented with a list of mode options. In response to receiving a user selection of a given mode option from the list, the given mode is provided to the visual effect selection module 519 as the selection of the virtualization mode. The mode options may include a background removal option (e.g., replacement of a real-world background with a virtual background), an occlusion option (e.g., addition of one or more augmented reality elements to the segmentation or body of the user), a cloning option (e.g., an option to copy and paste one or more images of the user by replicating the segmentation on one or more designed positions in the image), a video cutout option (e.g., to remove one or more portions of the user's body), a contour effects option (e.g., to present one or more augmented reality elements, such as a glow or shadow, around the segmentation border), an animated frames option, a body mask option, a recoloring option (e.g., to change a color of portions of the user's body, such as to replace clothing worn by the user), a ripples, particles or sparkles option (e.g., to display one or more augmented reality elements in the image background), a disappearing option and a body parts cut option. The virtualization mode selection controls the way in which the segmentation of the user's body affects the display of visual elements in the image relative to the user. FIGS. 6-9 show illustrative outputs of one or more of the options that can be selected by the visual effect selection module 519 and are discussed below.

The image modification module 518 can adjust the image captured by the camera based on the mode selected by the visual effect selection module 519 and the smoothed segmentation received from the smoothed segmentation module 516. The image modification module 518 adjusts the way in which the background or user(s) is/are presented in an image, such as by changing the background, portions of the user, a visual attribute and/or a position of the user in the image. Image display module 520 combines the adjustments made by the image modification module 518 into the received monocular image depicting the user's body. The image is provided by the image display module 520 to the client device 102 and can then be sent to another user or stored for later access and display.

FIGS. 6-9 are diagrammatic representations of outputs of the segmentation estimation system, in accordance with some examples. For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , the segmentation estimation system 224 generates a smoothed segmentation 610. The segmentation estimation system 224 can also generate, based on the smoothed segmentation 610, a segmentation border 620. Based on the smoothed segmentation 610 and/or the segmentation border 620, the segmentation estimation system 224 can apply one or more visual effects to the monocular image or video.

In one example, as shown in FIG. 7 , the segmentation estimation system 224 can modify a background of the monocular image or video. Specifically, the segmentation estimation system 224 can receive a monocular image 710. The segmentation estimation system 224 can generate a smoothed segmentation (e.g., smoothed segmentation 610), as discussed above. The segmentation estimation system 224 can determine that the whole body of the user corresponds to the collection of pixels 712 and the background corresponds to the collection of pixels 716. The segmentation estimation system 224 can receive a user input that navigates a user interface element 714 to modify the background of the monocular image 710. In response, the segmentation estimation system 224 generates the image 720 in which the collection of pixels 716 corresponding to the background have been replaced by another image or video 722. The image or video 722 may be selected by the user through the user interface element 714.

Specifically, as shown in FIG. 7 , the visualization mode selected by the user can include a selection of a background removal (replacement option). In response to receiving the selection of this option, the segmentation estimation system 224 identifies pixels of the monocular image 710 corresponding to a background (e.g., the collection of pixels 716) of the monocular image 710 based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). To generate the image 720, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces the collection of pixels 716 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the background with a different image or video 722.

In some cases, the visualization mode selected by the user can include also a recoloring option. In this case, in addition to or alternative to replacing pixels of the background, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces pixels of the whole body depicted in the image. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 7 , the segmentation estimation system 224 identifying a collection of pixels 712 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the whole body of the user based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). The segmentation estimation system 224 changes a color or attribute of one or more portions of the collection of pixels, such as those pixels corresponding to a particular body part of the user (e.g., the arm). Specifically, as shown in image 730, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces the collection of pixels 716 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the background with a different image or video 732 and also changes a color or attribute of one or more portions 734 of the collection of pixels corresponding to the arm of the user depicted in the image. In some cases, the color or attribute to which the portion of the collection of pixels is changed is selected by the user, such as by navigating the user interface element 714.

In some cases, the visualization mode selected by the user can include also a body parts cut option. In this case, in addition to or alternative to replacing pixels of the background, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces pixels of some part or portion of the whole body depicted in the image. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 identifying a collection of pixels 712 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the whole body of the user based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). The segmentation estimation system 224 changes a color or attribute of one or more portions of the collection of pixels, such as those pixels corresponding to a particular body part of the user (e.g., the arm). The color or attribute that is used to replace the pixels of the portions of the collection of pixels can be selected based on the background pixels. Specifically, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces a color or attribute of one or more portions 734 of the collection of pixels corresponding to the arm of the user depicted in the image with pixel values that match the pixels in the background. In this way, the one or more portions 734 of the collection of pixels appear in the image to have been removed from the whole body of the user.

In some cases, a user input is received that selects a skeletal region to remove (e.g., the arms and legs region). In response to this input, the segmentation estimation system 224 accesses a skeletal model that specifies skeletal key points corresponding to the selected skeletal region. The segmentation estimation system 224 then selects the portion of the collection of pixels that correspond to the skeletal key points to recolor to match the background pixels surrounding the collection of pixels.

In some cases, the visualization mode selected by the user can include also a disappearing option. In this case, in addition to or alternative to replacing pixels of the background, the segmentation estimation system 224 replaces or removes pixels of the whole body depicted in the image. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 identifying a collection of pixels 712 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the whole body of the user based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). The segmentation estimation system 224 changes a color or attribute of the collection of pixels to match the background image pixels. In this way, the collection of pixels of the segmentation 610 corresponding to the whole body of the user appear in the image to have been removed, leaving only the background in the modified image.

In some cases, the visualization mode selected by the user can include also a cloning option. In this case, in addition to or alternative to replacing pixels of the background, the segmentation estimation system 224 replicates the portions of the image corresponding to the segmentation 610 one or more times. The replicated portions can then be displayed at one or more user specified or automatically determined locations, such as next to the user depicted in the image and/or behind the user depicted in the image. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 8 , the segmentation estimation system 224 identifying a collection of pixels 810 of the monocular image 800 corresponding to the whole body of the user based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). As shown in FIG. 8 , the segmentation estimation system 224 copies the collection of pixels 810 of the monocular image 800. The segmentation estimation system 224 adds the copied collection of pixels 820 to another portion of the monocular image to be displayed adjacent to or relative to the collection of pixels 810 of the monocular image 800 corresponding to the whole body. The copied collection of pixels 820 can be added to the image 800 any number of times so that multiple instances or copies of the collection of pixels 810 corresponding to the user appear at the same time in the modified image 800.

In some cases, the visualization mode selected by the user can include also an occlusion option. In this case, in addition to or alternative to replacing pixels of the background, the segmentation estimation system 224 adds one or more graphical elements to pixels of the whole body depicted in the image. Specifically, the segmentation estimation system 224 identifying a collection of pixels 712 of the monocular image 710 corresponding to the whole body of the user based on the segmentation (e.g., the segmentation 610). The segmentation estimation system 224 retrieves a graphical element (e.g., augmented reality wings, horns, or outfit, or other user selected graphical element). The segmentation estimation system 224 selects a display position for the graphical element based on user input or based on a type of graphical element that has been retrieved. The segmentation estimation system 224 identifies a set of pixels in the collection of pixels corresponding to the whole body of the user that match the body part to which the graphical element is associated with. The segmentation estimation system 224 adds the retrieved graphical element adjacent to or in replacement of the identified set of pixels. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 adds wings to a set of pixels associated with shoulders of the whole body.

In some cases, the segmentation estimation system 224 accesses a segmentation border 620 of the whole body depicted in the image in response to receiving a contour option. In this case, the segmentation estimation system 224 can add the graphical element as extending from the segmentation border 620. For example, as shown in FIG. 9 , the segmentation estimation system 224 adds a shadow or glow 920 around a segmentation border of a user 910 depicted in the image 900. This results in an appearance of a glow or shadow around or behind edges of the user 910 depicted in the image. Specifically, the segmentation estimation system 224 identifies a border of the whole body of the user based on edges of the collection of pixels of the segmentation 610. The segmentation estimation system 224 adds a glowing graphical element or shadow graphical element along the border of the whole body of the user.

FIG. 10A is a flowchart of a process 1000 for generating a segmentation of a user depicted in an image, in accordance with some example examples. Although the flowchart can describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed. A process may correspond to a method, a procedure, and the like. The steps of methods may be performed in whole or in part, may be performed in conjunction with some or all of the steps in other methods, and may be performed by any number of different systems or any portion thereof, such as a processor included in any of the systems.

At operation 1001, a client device 102 receives a monocular image that includes a depiction of a whole body of a user, as discussed above. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can capture an image that depicts one or more whole bodies of one or more users (e.g., a plurality of users).

At operation 1002, the client device 102 generates a segmentation of the whole body of the user based on the monocular image, as discussed above. As an example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can generate a plurality of segmentations of the plurality of whole bodies by applying a first machine learning technique to the image.

At operation 1003, the client device 102 accesses a video feed comprising a plurality of monocular images received prior to the monocular image, as discussed above. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can apply a second machine learning technique to a plurality of previously received images that depict the plurality of whole bodies to predict segmentations of the plurality of whole bodies for the currently received image.

At operation 1004, the client device 102 smooths, using the video feed, the segmentation of the whole body generated based on the monocular image to provide a smoothed segmentation, as discussed above. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can compute a deviation between the segmentations of the plurality of whole bodies generated based on the first machine learning technique with the predicted segmentations generated by the second machine learning techniques. The segmentation estimation system 224 can modify the segmentation generated by the first machine learning technique based on the deviation.

At operation 1005, the client device 102 applies one or more visual effects to the monocular image based on the smoothed segmentation, as discussed above. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can replace a background of the image that depicts the plurality of segmentations of the whole bodies of the users.

FIG. 10B is a flowchart of a process 1010 for generating a segmentation of a user depicted in an image, in accordance with some example examples. Although the flowchart can describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed. A process may correspond to a method, a procedure, and the like. The steps of methods may be performed in whole or in part, may be performed in conjunction with some or all of the steps in other methods, and may be performed by any number of different systems or any portion thereof, such as a processor included in any of the systems.

At operation 1011, a client device 102 receives a monocular image that includes a depiction of a whole body of a user, as discussed above.

At operation 1012, the client device 102 generates a segmentation of the whole body of the user based on the monocular image, as discussed above. For example, the segmentation estimation system 224 can apply the first and/or second machine learning techniques on the monocular image to segment the whole body of one or more users.

At operation 1013, the client device 102 receives input that selects a visualization mode, as discussed above.

At operation 1014, the client device 102 applies one or more visual effects corresponding to the visualization mode to the monocular image based on the segmentation, as discussed above.

Machine Architecture

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of the machine 1100 within which instructions 1108 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine 1100 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. For example, the instructions 1108 may cause the machine 1100 to execute any one or more of the methods described herein. The instructions 1108 transform the general, non-programmed machine 1100 into a particular machine 1100 programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in the manner described. The machine 1100 may operate as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1100 may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine 1100 may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions 1108, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by the machine 1100. Further, while only a single machine 1100 is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions 1108 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The machine 1100, for example, may comprise the client device 102 or any one of a number of server devices forming part of the messaging server system 108. In some examples, the machine 1100 may also comprise both client and server systems, with certain operations of a particular method or algorithm being performed on the server-side and with certain operations of the particular method or algorithm being performed on the client-side.

The machine 1100 may include processors 1102, memory 1104, and input/output (I/O) components 1138, which may be configured to communicate with each other via a bus 1140. In an example, the processors 1102 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) Processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor 1106 and a processor 1110 that execute the instructions 1108. The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors that may comprise two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. Although FIG. 11 shows multiple processors 1102, the machine 1100 may include a single processor with a single-core, a single processor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multiple processors with a single core, multiple processors with multiples cores, or any combination thereof.

The memory 1104 includes a main memory 1112, a static memory 1114, and a storage unit 1116, all accessible to the processors 1102 via the bus 1140. The main memory 1104, the static memory 1114, and the storage unit 1116 store the instructions 1108 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1108 may also reside, completely or partially, within the main memory 1112, within the static memory 1114, within machine-readable medium 1118 within the storage unit 1116, within at least one of the processors 1102 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine 1100.

The I/O components 1138 may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components 1138 that are included in a particular machine will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones may include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components 1138 may include many other components that are not shown in FIG. 11 . In various examples, the I/O components 1138 may include user output components 1124 and user input components 1126. The user output components 1124 may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light-emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The user input components 1126 may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point-based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or another pointing instrument), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like.

In further examples, the I/O components 1138 may include biometric components 1128, motion components 1130, environmental components 1132, or position components 1134, among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components 1128 include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye-tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram-based identification), and the like. The motion components 1130 include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope).

The environmental components 1132 include, for example, one or cameras (with still image/photograph and video capabilities), illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detection concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment.

With respect to cameras, the client device 102 may have a camera system comprising, for example, front cameras on a front surface of the client device 102 and rear cameras on a rear surface of the client device 102. The front cameras may, for example, be used to capture still images and video of a user of the client device 102 (e.g., “selfies”), which may then be augmented with augmentation data (e.g., filters) described above. The rear cameras may, for example, be used to capture still images and videos in a more traditional camera mode, with these images similarly being augmented with augmentation data. In addition to front and rear cameras, the client device 102 may also include a 360° camera for capturing 360° photographs and videos.

Further, the camera system of a client device 102 may include dual rear cameras (e.g., a primary camera as well as a depth-sensing camera), or even triple, quad or penta rear camera configurations on the front and rear sides of the client device 102. These multiple cameras systems may include a wide camera, an ultra-wide camera, a telephoto camera, a macro camera, and a depth sensor, for example.

The position components 1134 include location sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like.

Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components 1138 further include communication components 1136 operable to couple the machine 1100 to a network 1120 or devices 1122 via respective coupling or connections. For example, the communication components 1136 may include a network interface component or another suitable device to interface with the network 1120. In further examples, the communication components 1136 may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices 1122 may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB).

Moreover, the communication components 1136 may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components 1136 may include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components 1136, such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting an NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth.

The various memories (e.g., main memory 1112, static memory 1114, and memory of the processors 1102) and storage unit 1116 may store one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software) embodying or used by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. These instructions (e.g., the instructions 1108), when executed by processors 1102, cause various operations to implement the disclosed examples.

The instructions 1108 may be transmitted or received over the network 1120, using a transmission medium, via a network interface device (e.g., a network interface component included in the communication components 1136) and using any one of several well-known transfer protocols (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)). Similarly, the instructions 1108 may be transmitted or received using a transmission medium via a coupling (e.g., a peer-to-peer coupling) to the devices 1122.

Software Architecture

FIG. 12 is a block diagram 1200 illustrating a software architecture 1204, which can be installed on any one or more of the devices described herein. The software architecture 1204 is supported by hardware such as a machine 1202 that includes processors 1220, memory 1226, and I/O components 1238. In this example, the software architecture 1204 can be conceptualized as a stack of layers, where each layer provides a particular functionality. The software architecture 1204 includes layers such as an operating system 1212, libraries 1210, frameworks 1208, and applications 1206. Operationally, the applications 1206 invoke API calls 1250 through the software stack and receive messages 1252 in response to the API calls 1250.

The operating system 1212 manages hardware resources and provides common services. The operating system 1212 includes, for example, a kernel 1214, services 1216, and drivers 1222. The kernel 1214 acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel 1214 provides memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, and security settings, among other functionality. The services 1216 can provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers 1222 are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers 1222 can include display drivers, camera drivers, BLUETOOTH® or BLUETOOTH® Low Energy drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., USB drivers), WI-FI® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth.

The libraries 1210 provide a common low-level infrastructure used by the applications 1206. The libraries 1210 can include system libraries 1218 (e.g., C standard library) that provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematic functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries 1210 can include API libraries 1224 such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media formats such as Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG4), Advanced Video Coding (H.264 or AVC), Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) audio codec, Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG), or Portable Network Graphics (PNG)), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL framework used to render in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) in a graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite to provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit to provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries 1210 can also include a wide variety of other libraries 1228 to provide many other APIs to the applications 1206.

The frameworks 1208 provide a common high-level infrastructure that is used by the applications 1206. For example, the frameworks 1208 provide various graphical user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, and high-level location services. The frameworks 1208 can provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that can be used by the applications 1206, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system or platform.

In an example, the applications 1206 may include a home application 1236, a contacts application 1230, a browser application 1232, a book reader application 1234, a location application 1242, a media application 1244, a messaging application 1246, a game application 1248, and a broad assortment of other applications such as a external application 1240. The applications 1206 are programs that execute functions defined in the programs. Various programming languages can be employed to create one or more of the applications 1206, structured in a variety of manners, such as object-oriented programming languages (e.g., Objective-C, Java, or C++) or procedural programming languages (e.g., C or assembly language). In a specific example, the external application 1240 (e.g., an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform) may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or another mobile operating system. In this example, the external application 1240 can invoke the API calls 1250 provided by the operating system 1212 to facilitate functionality described herein.

Glossary

“Carrier signal” refers to any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such instructions. Instructions may be transmitted or received over a network using a transmission medium via a network interface device.

“Client device” refers to any machine that interfaces to a communications network to obtain resources from one or more server systems or other client devices. A client device may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, desktop computer, laptop, portable digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, tablets, ultrabooks, netbooks, laptops, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, game consoles, set-top boxes, or any other communication device that a user may use to access a network.

“Communication network” refers to one or more portions of a network that may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, a network or a portion of a network may include a wireless or cellular network and the coupling may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or other types of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard-setting organizations, other long-range protocols, or other data transfer technology.

“Component” refers to a device, physical entity, or logic having boundaries defined by function or subroutine calls, branch points, APIs, or other technologies that provide for the partitioning or modularization of particular processing or control functions. Components may be combined via their interfaces with other components to carry out a machine process. A component may be a packaged functional hardware unit designed for use with other components and a part of a program that usually performs a particular function of related functions.

Components may constitute either software components (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware components. A “hardware component” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various examples, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware components of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware component that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

A hardware component may also be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. A hardware component may be a special-purpose processor, such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware component may include software executed by a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. Once configured by such software, hardware components become specific machines (or specific components of a machine) uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longer general-purpose processors. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware component mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software), may be driven by cost and time considerations. Accordingly, the phrase “hardware component” (or “hardware-implemented component”) should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein.

Considering examples in which hardware components are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware components need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware component comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware components) at different times. Software accordingly configures a particular processor or processors, for example, to constitute a particular hardware component at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware component at a different instance of time.

Hardware components can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware components. Accordingly, the described hardware components may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware components exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware components. In examples in which multiple hardware components are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware components may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware components have access. For example, one hardware component may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware component may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware components may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).

The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented components that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented component” refers to a hardware component implemented using one or more processors. Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors 1102 or processor-implemented components. Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an API). The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some examples, the processors or processor-implemented components may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other examples, the processors or processor-implemented components may be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

“Computer-readable storage medium” refers to both machine-storage media and transmission media. Thus, the terms include both storage devices/media and carrier waves/modulated data signals. The terms “machine-readable medium,” “computer-readable medium” and “device-readable medium” mean the same thing and may be used interchangeably in this disclosure.

“Ephemeral message” refers to a message that is accessible for a time-limited duration. An ephemeral message may be a text, an image, a video and the like. The access time for the ephemeral message may be set by the message sender. Alternatively, the access time may be a default setting or a setting specified by the recipient. Regardless of the setting technique, the message is transitory.

“Machine storage medium” refers to a single or multiple storage devices and media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and associated caches and servers) that store executable instructions, routines and data. The term shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media, including memory internal or external to processors. Specific examples of machine-storage media, computer-storage media and device-storage media include non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FPGA, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks The terms “machine-storage medium,” “device-storage medium,” “computer-storage medium” mean the same thing and may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. The terms “machine-storage media,” “computer-storage media,” and “device-storage media” specifically exclude carrier waves, modulated data signals, and other such media, at least some of which are covered under the term “signal medium.”

“Non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” refers to a tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying the instructions for execution by a machine.

“Signal medium” refers to any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying the instructions for execution by a machine and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of software or data. The term “signal medium” shall be taken to include any form of a modulated data signal, carrier wave, and so forth. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a matter as to encode information in the signal. The terms “transmission medium” and “signal medium” mean the same thing and may be used interchangeably in this disclosure.

Changes and modifications may be made to the disclosed examples without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure, as expressed in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: accessing a video feed comprising a plurality of images received prior to an image; predicting, by a first deep neural network based on the plurality of images received prior to the image, a segmentation of a body depicted in the image; comparing predicted one or more segmentations of bodies provided by a second deep neural network with the segmentation of the body predicted by the first deep neural network; and smoothing the segmentation of the body depicted in the image based on comparing the predicted one or more segmentations of bodies with the segmentation of the body.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating the segmentation of the body based on the image; and applying one or more visual effects to the image based on the smoothed segmentation.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising training the first deep neural network by performing operations comprising: receiving training data comprising a plurality of training images and ground truth segmentations for each of the plurality of training images; applying the first deep neural network to a first training image of the plurality of training images to estimate a segmentation of a given body depicted in the first training image; computing a deviation between the estimated segmentation and the ground truth segmentation associated with the first training image; and updating parameters of the first deep neural network based on the computed deviation.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of training images comprises ground truth skeletal key points of one or more bodies depicted in the respective training images.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the first deep neural network estimates skeletal key points of the given body depicted in the first training image.
 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising updating parameters of the first deep neural network based on a deviation between estimated skeletal key points and ground truth skeletal key points.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of training images comprises a plurality of image resolutions, further comprising generating a plurality of segmentation models based on the first deep neural network, a first of the plurality of segmentation models being trained based on training images having a first of the plurality of image resolutions, a second of the plurality of segmentation models being trained based on training images having a second of the plurality of image resolutions.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of training images comprises a plurality of labeled and unlabeled image and video data.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of training images comprises e a depiction of a whole body of a particular user, an image that lacks a depiction of any user, a depiction of a plurality of users, and depictions of users at different distances from an image capture device.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising training the second deep neural network by performing operations comprising: receiving training data comprising a plurality of training videos and ground truth segmentations for each of the plurality of training videos; applying the second deep neural network to a first training video of the plurality of training videos to predict a segmentation of the body in a frame subsequent to the first training video; computing a deviation between the predicted segmentation of the body and the ground truth segmentation of the body depicted in the frame subsequent to the first training video; and updating parameters of the second deep neural network based on the computed deviation.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying one or more visual effects to the image based on a segmentation border associated with the smoothed segmentation.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining one or more device capabilities of a device used to capture the image; and selecting a segmentation model to generate the segmentation based on the one or more device capabilities.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a guided filter to improve segmentation quality of portions of the smoothed segmentations that are within a specified number of pixels of edges of the smoothed segmentation.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising replacing a background of the image with a different background or replacing portions of body depicted in the image with different visual elements.
 15. A system comprising: at least one processor; and a memory component having instructions stored thereon, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: accessing a video feed comprising a plurality of images received prior to an image; predicting, by a first deep neural network based on the plurality of images received prior to the image, a segmentation of a body depicted in the image; comparing predicted one or more segmentations of bodies provided by a second deep neural network with the segmentation of the body predicted by the first deep neural network; and smoothing the segmentation of the body depicted in the image based on comparing the predicted one or more segmentations of bodies with the segmentation of the body.
 16. The system of claim 15, the operations further comprising: generating the segmentation of the body based on the image; and applying one or more visual effects to the image based on the smoothed segmentation.
 17. The system of claim 15, the operations further comprising training the first deep neural network by performing operations comprising: receiving training data comprising a plurality of training images and ground truth segmentations for each of the plurality of training images; applying the first deep neural network to a first training image of the plurality of training images to estimate a segmentation of a given body depicted in the first training image; computing a deviation between the estimated segmentation and the ground truth segmentation associated with the first training image; and updating parameters of the first deep neural network based on the computed deviation.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of training images comprises ground truth skeletal key points of one or more bodies depicted in the respective training images.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the first deep neural network estimates skeletal key points of the given body depicted in the first training image.
 20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon, instructions when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: accessing a video feed comprising a plurality of images received prior to an image; predicting, by a first deep neural network based on the plurality of images received prior to the image, a segmentation of a body depicted in the image; comparing predicted one or more segmentations of bodies provided by a second deep neural network with the segmentation of the body predicted by the first deep neural network; and smoothing the segmentation of the body depicted in the image based on comparing the predicted one or more segmentations of bodies with the segmentation of the body. 